Life Values, Resuscitation Preferences, and the Applicability of Living Wills in an Older Population

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether life values are related to resuscitation preferences and living will completion in an older population and to assess beliefs about the applicability of living wills. DESIGN: Individual structured interviews. SETTING: An independent retirement community. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-two subjects older than 63 years of age. MEASUREMENTS: Resuscitation preferences were elicited in five hypothetical scenarios. Subjects with living wills were asked whether their living will would play a role in the scenarios. Subjects rated the importance of 13 life value statements. RESULTS: The percentage of subjects desiring CPR in each scenario was as follows: current condition (66%); acute illness (33%); terminal disease (8%); functional impairment (8%); and dementia (7%). The percentage of those with a living will who thought their living wills would play a role in the scenarios was as follows: acute illness (84%); terminal disease (93%); functional impairment with intact cognition (66%); and dementia (91%). Factor analysis of the life value statements revealed five meaningful factors: quality of life; capacity/autonomy; family relations; physical comfort; and treatment philosophy. Multiple correlations were found between four of five life value factors and hypothetical resuscitation preferences or the presence of a living will. CONCLUSION: Subjects misinterpreted the applicability of living wills in nonterminal illness scenarios. A relationship between life values and resuscitation preferences was noted, which emphasizes the importance of eliciting and including life values when discussing advance directives.